Original date of text and/or object

The date of origin of the text (or in some cases, of the object or some other feature, decoration, or reuse of it), whether the result of the editor's analysis or an explicit, internal date. May also record possible ranges of dates, degrees of precision and dating criteria.

The date of orgin of the text (or object, if different) should be recorded in an origDate element in the <origin> section of the manuscript description area. If different dates need to be recorded for text and object, different texts on the same support, or different interventions in the same text, the origDate may be repeated, or the entire <history> may be embedded in multiple <msPart>s.

It is generally recommended to encode the dating information in numerical form, following the proleptic Julian calendar, using the att.datable.custom attributes on the origDate element. (Because the default dating system assumed by the TEI is the Gregorian calendar, the dating element should always carry a datingMethod attribute pointing to a <calendar> element in the header--or to an external authority for the Julian calendar, such as http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar.)

A specific date, whether a single day, month, or year in the Julian calendar, can be expressed using the when-custom attribute, which should be laid out in the same form as a W3 date (albeit in the Julian, not Gregorian calendar). In other words:

  1. A year should be encoded in four digits, with leading zeroes as necessary (i.e. 14 C.E. should be "0014")
  2. B.C.E./B.C. dates should be recorded as negative numbers (i.e. preceded by "-"); NB there is no year "0"
  3. Month and day should be encoded in two digits, with leading zero as necessary (i.e. January 7th should be "--01-07")
  4. A year may appear without months or day; a year+month may appear without day

A date within a range (such as the reign of an emperor, or a century for e.g. palaeographically dated text) should be encoded using the notBefore-custom and notAfter-custom attributes, marking the beginning and end of the possible span of dates. The date formats of these attributes are the same as for <when-custom>.

<origDate when-custom="0139" datingMethod="#julian">139 C.E.</origDate>
<origDate notBefore-custom="-0020-12-11" notAfter-custom="-0019-12-10" datingMethod="#julian"> December 11th, 20 to December 10th, 19 B.C.E.
</origDate>

Certainty and precision

Not all texts are dated confidently to a specific year or firm span of years. If a date given is flagged explicitly as less certain than usual (for example, either with a "?" or a formulation such as "just possibly") the origDate may be given a cert attribute with a value of "low". If a date is flagged as approximate (which is different from being uncertain; often written "circa", "ca." or "c.") origDate should be given an precision with a value of low. If a date range is specified (with notBefore-custom and notAfter-custom) whose start and end points are essentially arbitrary, such as a century or half-century for a palaeographical date, then a precision of "medium" should be given, to indicate that the start and end-points are both notional.

In a few cases, a text may be dated within a span of dates with a notional end-point but a firm terminus post quem. To record this in XML, a <precision> element may be placed inside the origDate to point to whichever of the attributes represents the less concrete end-point. (See third example below.)

<origDate
  notBefore-custom="-0100"
  notAfter-custom="0100"
  precision="medium"
  datingMethod="#julian">
First century B.C. to first century A.D.
</origDate>
<origDate when-custom="-0355" precision="low" datingMethod="#julian"> Circa 355 B.C.E.
</origDate>
<origDate notBefore-custom="0015" notAfter-custom="0050" datingMethod="#julian"> First half first century C.E., but certainly after the death of Augustus.
<precision match="../@notBefore-custom" precision="high"/>
 <precision match="../@notAfter-custom" precision="medium"/>
</origDate>

Dating criteria

... @evidence, suggest typology, example values ...

Cf EpiDoc dating criteria vocabulary (Google Spreadsheet)

<origDate
  notBefore-custom="0367"
  notAfter-custom="0400"
  precision="medium"
  evidence="lettering nomenclature"
  datingMethod="#julian">
Late fourth century (lettering and nomenclature).
</origDate>

Responsibility for this section

  1. Gabriel Bodard, author
Date: 2013-05-02