In common library practice a clear distinction is made between an individual item within a larger collection and a free-standing book, journal, or collection. Similarly a book in a series is distinguished sharply from the series within which it appears. An article forming part of a collection which itself appears in a series thus has a bibliographic description with three quite distinct levels of information: the analytic analytic level bibliographic level, giving the title, author, etc., of the article; the monographic monographic level bibliographic level, giving the title, editor, etc., of the collection; the series series level bibliographic level, giving the title of the series, possibly the names of its editors, etc., and the number of the volume within that series. In the same way, an article in a journal requires at least two levels of information: the analytic level describing the article itself, and the monographic level describing the journal.

For purposes of TEI encoding, journals and anthologies are both treated as monographs; a journal title will thus be tagged as a title level="j" element, or simply as a title within a monogr element. Individual articles in the journal or collected texts should be treated at the analytic level. When an article has been printed in more than one journal or collection, the bibliographic reference may have more than one monogr element, each possibly followed by one or more series elements. A series element always relates to the most recently preceding monogr element. (Whether reprints of an article are treated in the same bibliographic reference or a separate one varies among different styles. Library lists typically use a different entry for each publication, while academic footnoting practice typically treats all publications of the same article in a single entry.)

Punctuation may not appear between the elements within a structured bibliographic entry; if punctuation is to be given explicitly in the encoding, it must be contained within the elements it delimits. As the example shows, it is possible to encode the entry without any inter-element punctuation: this facilitates use of the biblStruct element in systems which can render bibliographic references in any of several styles.

The formal declarations for the elements defined in this section are as follows:

Bibliographic references typically begin with a statement of the title being cited and the names of those intellectually responsible for it. For articles in journals or collections, such statements should appear both for the analytic and for the monographic level. The following elements are provided for tagging such elements:

In bibliographic references, all titles should be tagged as such, whether analytic, monographic, or series titles. The single element title is used for all these cases. When it appears directly within an analytic, monogr, or series element, title is interpreted as belonging to the appropriate level. When it appears elsewhere, its level attribute should be used to signal its bibliographic level. It is a semantic error to give a value for the level attribute which is inconsistent with the context; such values may be ignored. The level value a implies the analytic level; the values m, j, and u imply the monographic level; the value s implies the series level. Note, however, that the semantic error occurs only if the nested title is directly enclosed by the analytic, monogr, or series element; if it is enclosed only indirectly, no semantic error need be present. For example, the analytic title may contain a monographic title: Lucy Allen Paton 8 1913 122 In this case, the analytic title Notes on Manuscripts of the needs no level attribute because it is directly contained by the analytic level; the monographic title contained within it, Prophécies de Merlin, does not create a semantic error because it is not directly contained by the analytic element.

In some bibliographic applications, it may prove useful to distinguish main titles from subordinate titles, parallel titles, etc. The type attribute is provided to allow this distinction to be recorded.

The following reference, from a national standard for bibliographic references, American National Standard for Bibliographic References, ANSI Z39.29-1977 (New York: American National Standards Institute, 1977), p. 34 (sec. A.2.2.1). illustrates this type of analysis with its distinction between main and subordinate titles. Saarikoski, Pirkko-Liisa, and Paavo Suomalainen, 1972 187: 1-4

Slightly more complex is the distinction made below among main, subordinate, and parallel titles, in an example from the same source (p. 63). The punctuation and the bibliographic analysis are those given in ANSI Z39.29-1977; the punctuation is in the style prescribed by the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). The analysis is not wholly unproblematic: as the text of the standard points out, the first subordinate title is subordinate only to the parallel title in French, while the second is subordinate to both the English main title and the French parallel title, without this relationship being made clear, either in the markup given in the example or in the reference structure offered by the standard. Again, it is only because this example uses bibl rather than biblStruct, that specific punctuation may be included between the component elements of the reference. Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich. = : : [Score]. New York: Broude Brothers; [1951] (B.B. 59). vi, 685 p.

The elements author and editor have, for printed books and articles, a fairly obvious significance; for other kinds of bibliographic items their proper usage may be less obvious. The author element should be used for the person or agency with primary responsibility for a work's intellectual content, and the element editor for an editor of the work. Thus an organization such as a radio or television station is usually accounted author of a broadcast, for example, while the author of a Government report will usually be the agency which produced it.

For anyone else with responsibility for the work, the respStmt element should be used. The nature of the responsibility is indicated by means of a resp element, and the person, organization, etc. responsible by a name, persName, or orgName element. Strings such as unknwon may be encoded using the rs element. At least one of the four naming elements ( name, persName, orgName, or rs — at present the TEI schema files also permit geogName and placeName, but these should not be used) and one resp element should be given within the respStmt element, followed optionally by any number of any of them.

Examples of secondary responsibility of this kind include the roles of illustrator, translator, encoder, and annotator. The respStmt element may also be used for editors, if it is desired to record the specific terms in which their role is described.

Examples of author and editor may be found in sections , and ; wherever author and editor may occur, the respStmt element may also occur. When one of these elements precedes or immediately follows a title, it applies to that title; when it follows an edition element or occurs within an edition statement, it applies to the edition in question.

In this example, the respStmt elements apply to the work as a whole, not merely to the first edition: Lominadze, D. G. translated by A. N. Dellis; edited by S. M. Hamberger. 1st ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981. 206 p. Translation of:

In this example, by contrast, the respStmt element applies to the edition, and not to the collection per se (Moser and Tervooren were not responsible for the first thirty-five printings); the elements of the reference have been reordered from their appearance on the title page of the volume in order to ensure the correct relationship of the collection title, the edition statement, and the statement of responsibility. Mit 1 Faksimile 36., neugestaltete und erweiterte Auflage Unter Benutzung der Ausgaben von Karl Lachmann und Moriz Haupt, Friedrich Vogt und Carl von Kraus bearbeitet von Hugo Moser Helmut Tervooren I Texte Stuttgart S. Hirzel Verlag 1977 With the exception of the name element (for which see section ), the elements described in this section are defined as follows:

By imprint is meant all the information relating to the publication of a work: the person or organization by whose authority and in whose name a bibliographic entity such as a book is made public or distributed (whether a commercial publisher or some other organization), the place of publication, and a date. It may also include a full address for the publisher or organization. Full bibliographic references usually specify either the number of pages in a print publication (or equivalent information for non-print materials), or the specific location of the material being cited within its containing publication. The following elements are provided to hold this information:

For bibliographic purposes, usually only the place (or places) of publication are required, possibly including the name of the country, rather than a full address; the element pubPlace is provided for this purpose. Where however the full postal address is likely to be of importance in identifying or locating the bibliographic item concerned, it may be supplied and tagged using the address element described in section . Alternatively, if desired, the rs or name elements described in section may be used; this involves no claim that the information given is either a full address or the name of a city.

The name of the publisher of an item should be marked using the publisher tag even if the item is made public ( published) by an organization other than a conventional publisher, as is frequently the case with technical reports: Nicholas, Charles K. Welsch, Lawrence A. Gaithersburg, MD National Institute of Standards and Technology January 1992 19 pp. NISTIR 4681 and with dissertations: Hansen, W. Ph.D. dissertation Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford Univ. Stanford, CA June 1971

When an item has been reprinted, especially reprinted without change from a specific earlier edition, the reprint may appear in a monogr element with only the imprint and other details of the reprint. In the following example, a microform reprint has been issued without any change in the title or authorship. The series statement here applies only to the second monogr element. Shirley, James [Microform] London H. Moseley 1655 78 p. New York Readex Microprint 1953 1 microprint card, 23 x 15 cm.

A bibliographic description, particularly for an analytic title, will often include some additional information specifying its location, for example as a volume number, page number, range of page numbers, or name or number of a subdivision of the host work. The element biblScope may be used to identify such information if it is present. Where it is desired to distinguish different classes of such information (volume number, page number, chapter number, etc.), thetype attribute may be used with any convenient typology.

When the item being cited is a journal article, the imprint element describing the issue in which it appeared will typically contain biblScope elements for volume and page numbers, together with a date element.

For example: Wrigley, E. A. Steel, D. J. London Society of Genealogists 1968 vol. 1 pp. 155–167.

The type attribute on biblScope is optional: both the following are legal examples: Boguraev, Branimir Neff, Mary 7 2 1992 110-112 Chesnutt, David 25.6 (December, 1991): 377–380

Formal definitions for the elements described in this section are as follows:

Note and date are defined elsewhere, as are extent, address, and idno.

Series information may (in bibl elements) or must (in biblStruct elements) be enclosed in a series element or (in a biblFull element) a seriesStmt element. The title of the series may be tagged title level="s", the volume number biblScope type="volume", and responsibility statements for the series (e.g. the name and affiliation of the editor, as in the example in section ) may be tagged editor or respStmt.

Explanatory notes about the publication of unusual items, the form of an item (e.g. [Score] or [Microform]), or its provenance (e.g. translation of ...) may be tagged using the note element. The same element may be used for any descriptive annotation of a bibliographic entry in a database.

For example: Coombs, James H., Allen H. Renear, and Steven J. DeRose. 30.11 (November 1987): 933–947. Classic polemic supporting descriptive over procedural markup in scholarly work.

The order of elements in bibl elements is not constrained.

This form of bibliographic entry is best suited to small corpora or publications of single inscriptions, where the bibliography for each inscription is contained within the div type="bibliography" section. If bibliography for many inscriptions is collected into a single file, then this model is best suited when there aren't many entries.

Traditional bibliography uses the bibliographic components, and just lists the author, title, publisher year and specific reference if there is one.

Add Example here

Nested bibliographic items use the biblItem element. This element contains other biblItem elements, each of which has a role attribute describing its relationship to its containing element. The most common value will be "contained." EM: name is up for grabs.. The intent of this structure is to eliminate the need to retype entries for publications that contain other publication. So, in the case of journal article, the outermost biblItem will document the journal, a second level biblItem documents the volume, and the innermost biblItem documents the article. Likewise for edited collections, the innermost biblItem represents the article, which is then contained by a biblItem representing the volume. EM: note that this element may disappear from P5, so we'll have to edit to make this section describe bibl, which will most likely take over its function. Also, need better description.

Add Example here.