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Headword: *kra/ths
Adler number: kappa,2339
Translated headword: Krates, Crates
Vetting Status: high
Translation:
An Athenian, a writer of comedy, whose brother was the epic poet Epilykos.[1] His plays are 7 [in number]:[2] Neighbours, Heroes, Wild animals, Lamia, Prisoners in chains,[3] Samians. He also wrote some prose works.
Greek Original:
*kra/ths, *)aqhnai=os, kwmiko/s: ou(= h)=n a)delfo\s *)epi/lukos, poihth\s e)pw=n. dra/mata de\ au)tou= ei)sin z#: *gei/tones, *(/hrwes, *qhri/a, *la/mia, *pedh=tai, *sa/mioi. e)/graye de\ kai\ kataloga/dhn tina/.
Notes:
Old Comedy (mid fifth century BCE); see generally K.J. Dover in OCD(4) s.v. Crates(1).
[1] Not otherwise known. Perhaps a mistake for the comic poet of that name. See G. Kaibel 'Epilykos (3)' in RE 6,1 cols.158-159.
[2] The titles of only six plays are given; Jungermann proposed adding Tolmai. But the Greek signs for the numerals six and seven were easily confused by a copyist.
[3] Perhaps the play by Kallias, and so wrongly attributed here. See Korte col.1624 ; The Rivals of Aristophanes p. 513.
References:
Kassel R. and C. Austin (eds.), Poetae comici Graeci (PCG), Berlin and N.Y.: W. de Gruyter, 1983- . (The testimonia and fragments of Krates are in v.4, pp.83-110)
Korte, A. 'Krates(4)' in RE 11,2 cols.1623-1625
The Rivals of Aristophanes (eds. D. Harvey and J. Wilkins). London: Duckworth, 2000
Keywords: biography; comedy; epic; geography; military affairs; poetry; zoology
Translated by: Tony Natoli on 20 October 2001@01:48:14.
Vetted by:
David Whitehead (cosmetics) on 20 December 2002@04:29:52.
David Whitehead (more keywords; tweaking) on 17 March 2013@06:15:12.
David Whitehead (updated a ref) on 4 August 2014@07:31:00.
Catharine Roth (coding) on 2 January 2015@19:20:30.

Headword: *kra/ths
Adler number: kappa,2340
Translated headword: Krates, Crates
Vetting Status: high
Translation:
An Athenian; he also [was] a comic writer of the Old Comedy.[1] Three plays are attributed to him: The Treasure, Birds, The Avaricious Man.
Greek Original:
*kra/ths, *)aqhnai=os, kwmiko\s kai\ au)to\s th=s a)rxai/as kwmw|di/as. fe/retai au)tou= dra/mata tri/a, *qhsauro/s, *)/orniqes, *fila/rguros.
Note:
[1] The implicit cross-reference is to kappa 2339. This second Krates -- PCG refers to him as Crates II (saec. V/IV) -- is not mentioned elsewhere.
References:
Kassel R. and C. Austin (eds.), Poetae comici Graeci (PCG), Berlin and N.Y.: W. de Gruyter, 1983- , v.4, p. 111
Korte, A. 'Krates(4)' in RE 11,2 cols.1624-1625
Keywords: biography; comedy; economics; ethics; geography; poetry; zoology
Translated by: Tony Natoli on 20 October 2001@02:47:44.
Vetted by:
David Whitehead (augmented note; cosmetics) on 20 December 2002@04:22:07.
David Whitehead on 17 March 2013@06:16:42.
Catharine Roth (coding) on 2 January 2015@19:21:08.

Headword: *kra/ths
Adler number: kappa,2341
Translated headword: Krates, Crates
Vetting Status: high
Translation:
Son of Askondas, a Theban, a Cynic philosopher, a student of Diogenes and Bryson the Achaean. He liquidated his property and gave the money to a money-changer, telling him that if his sons were philosophers he should give it to the people, but if not, to the sons themselves.[1] He married Hipparchia of Maroneia and called their marriage "dog-coupling" (cynogamy).[2] He had a son by her, Pasikles. He flourished in the 113th Olympiad.[3] He was called "Door-opener" because he shamelessly entered anyone's house he wanted.[4]
This man, having abandoned his property [to be] sheep-pasturage, took to the altar and said, "Krates manumits Krates the Theban!"[5] He wrote philosophical works.
Krates said: "hunger stops passion; if not, time [does]; but if not even that can -- a halter."[6]
This man threw his property into the sea, as Philostratus the Lemnian says in his Life of Apollonius of Tyana.[7]
See also under 'Anaxagoras'.[8]
Greek Original:
*kra/ths, *)askw/ndou, *qhbai=os, filo/sofos *kuniko/s, maqhth\s *dioge/nous kai\ *bru/swnos tou= *)axaiou=: o(\s e)carguri/sas th\n ou)si/an de/dwke ta\ a)rgu/ria trapezi/th| ei)pw/n, ei) oi( pai=des au)tw=| filosofh/sousi, tw=| dh/mw| dou=nai, ei) de\ mh/, toi=s paisi\n au)toi=s. gh/mas de\ *(ipparxi/an th\n *marwnei=tin kunogami/an to\n ga/mon e)ka/lese. pai=da de\ e)/sxen e)c au)th=s *pasikle/a. h)=n de\ e)pi\ th=s rig# *)olumpia/dos. e)peklh/qh de\ *qurepanoi/kths dia\ to\ a)dew=s e)peisie/nai ei)s panto/s, ou(=per h)bou/leto, oi)=kon. ou(=tos katalipw\n th\n ou)si/an mhlo/boton, a)rqei\s e)pi\ tou= bwmou= ei)=pen: e)leuqeroi= *kra/thta *qhbai=on *kra/ths. e)/graye filo/sofa. o(/ti *kra/ths ei)=pen: e)/rwta pau/ei limo/s: ei) de\ mh/, xro/nos: a)\n de\ mhde\ tou/tw| du/nasai, bro/xos. ou(=tos katepo/ntwse th\n ou)si/an, w(s le/gei *filo/stratos o( *lh/mnios e)n tw=| bi/w| *)apollwni/ou tou= *tuane/ws. kai\ zh/tei e)n tw=| *)anacago/ras.
Notes:
c.368/5 - 288/5 BCE. See generally OCD(4) s.v. Crates(2) and Cynics. The bulk of the present entry derives from Diogenes Laertius 6.85-88, with extra material from Philostratus and elsewhere.
[1] See D.L. 6.88 (citing Demetrius of Magnesia). The point was not to punish the sons but to recognize that, if philosophers, they would have no need of money.
[2] That is, the marriage of one cynic to another. For Hipparchia see iota 517.
[3] 328-325. The Suda actually says that Krates was "born" then, but for "flourished", h)/kmaze, see D.L. 6.87.
[4] cf. theta 606.
[5] cf. beta 492 (with the note there) and theta 19.
[6] For these two lines of iambic verse cf. D.L. 6.86.
[7] 1.13.
[8] alpha 1981.
References:
Luis Navia. Classical Cynicism: A Critical Study. Greenwood Press, 1996 [pp.119-143]
L. Paquet. Les Cyniques grecs: Fragments et temoignages. Ottawa, 1988 [pp.103ff.]
Keywords: agriculture; biography; chronology; economics; ethics; gender and sexuality; geography; imagery; meter and music; philosophy; poetry; religion; women; zoology
Translated by: Alex Gottesman on 2 April 2000@19:39:05.
Vetted by:
Helma Dik on 2 April 2000@20:01:37.
Helma Dik (Minor changes in text. Perhaps add Pauly, OCD reffs in bibliography; Is dad called Ascondos or -das (cf Epaminondas)?) on 2 April 2000@20:10:04.
Helma Dik on 4 April 2000@11:58:54.
David Whitehead (modified translation; augmented notes; added keywords; cosmetics) on 25 May 2001@11:13:07.
David Whitehead (added note) on 13 December 2001@03:23:10.
David Whitehead (added note) on 21 November 2002@06:51:23.
David Whitehead (tweaked tr; more keywords; cosmetics) on 8 April 2008@03:25:57.
David Whitehead (more x-refs; more keywords) on 17 March 2013@06:23:22.
David Whitehead (updated a ref) on 4 August 2014@07:32:33.

Headword: *kra/ths
Adler number: kappa,2342
Translated headword: Crates, Krates
Vetting Status: high
Translation:
Son of Timocrates; of Mallus;[1] Stoic philosopher. He was nicknamed 'Homeric' and 'Critic'[2] because of his intense engagement in grammatical and poetic discourses. A contemporary of Aristarchus the grammarian,[3] in the time of Ptolemy Philometor.[4] He composed a (?)Textual Criticism of the Iliad and Odyssey in 9 books;[5] etc.
Greek Original:
*kra/ths, *timokra/tous, *mallw/ths, filo/sofos *stwi+ko/s: o(\s e)peklh/qh *(omhriko\s kai\ *kritiko/s, dia\ th\n kai\ peri\ tou\s grammatikou\s kai\ poihtikou\s lo/gous au)tou= e)pi/stasin: su/gxronos *)arista/rxou tou= grammatikou=, e)pi\ *ptolemai/ou tou= *filomh/toros. sune/tace dio/rqwsin *)ilia/dos kai\ *)odussei/as bibli/ois q#: kai\ a)/lla.
Notes:
C2 BC. Cf. gamma 506, and see generally: RE Krates(16); OCD4 Crates(3).
[1] In Cilicia.
[2] For an important essay on the nature of the literary activity of Crates and the Kritikoi/, as revealed through their influence on Philodemus, see R. Janko's edition 128-34.
[3] alpha 3892.
[4] Ptolemy VI (reigned 180-145).
[5] See Pfeiffer 238-9 on the nature and scope of this work.
References:
P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford: OUP, 1972) 465-7
Philodemus, On Poems, Book I, ed. R. Janko (Oxford: OUP, 2000) 128-34
R. Pfeiffer, History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford: OUP, 1968) 238-46
Keywords: biography; chronology; epic; geography; philosophy; poetry; rhetoric
Translated by: Malcolm Heath on 8 May 2002@21:28:04.
Vetted by:
David Whitehead (added notes and keyword; cosmetics) on 9 May 2002@04:04:11.
Robert Dyer (Added new note 2, with related bibliography and keyword) on 17 December 2002@06:50:39.
David Whitehead (added note; cosmetics) on 17 December 2002@07:32:02.
David Whitehead (added x-ref) on 14 July 2003@04:18:10.
David Whitehead (another keyword; cosmetics) on 17 March 2013@06:25:31.
David Whitehead (updated a ref) on 2 August 2014@07:12:24.

Headword: *tarroi/
Adler number: tau,138
Translated headword: crates, flat baskets, pallets, wickerwork frames
Vetting Status: high
Translation:
[Meaning] baskets [sc. in general] and [sc. alternatively spelled] tarsoi.[1] Also [meaning] the blades of oars.[2] The same thing [means] what is feathered.[3] And Thucydides [sc. uses the word] thus.[4]
Greek Original:
*tarroi/: ta/laroi kai\ tarsoi/. kai\ ta\ platu/smata tw=n kwpw=n. au)to\ to\ pte/rwma. kai\ *qoukudi/dhs ou(/tws.
Notes:
The headword is a masculine noun in the nominative plural; again tau 139, and see generally LSJ s.v. tarso/s.
[1] The glosses are of the same grammatical form as the headword. The first, as indicated, has the sense of baskets in general, and the second is an alternative spelling for the Attic lemma; see generally LSJ s.v. ta/laros, and cf. tau 38, tau 39, and tau 129 (gloss). The headword is glossed similarly in Photius' Lexicon and identically in Etymologicum Magnum 747.1 (Kallierges), which also cites the rhetorical lexica of Aelius Dionysius and Pausanias (the grammarian); cf. Aelius Dionysius fr. 305 (Schwabe), from Eustathius, Commentary on the Odyssey 1625.16.
[2] This imagery is given by LSJ s.v. tarso/s II.2; it is used for any broad, flat surface (cf. tau 130, gloss), such as the blade of an oar or, perhaps collectively, a layered bank of such blades working one side of a trireme (see n.4). There, the overlaid rows of oars might bring to mind the structure of a bird's wing, whose feathers are laid in rows over one another (next note); Morrison, et al., p. 16.
[3] Thus, the extended flat of a bird's wing; cf. Aelian, De natura animalium 2.1.12 Hercher (web address 1) and LSJ s.v. tarso/s II.3.
[4] The accusative plural form of the headword, tarsou/s, appears at Thucydides 7.40.5 (web address 2), which describes an episode during the Athenian siege of Syracuse in Sicily (414-413 BCE). The defenders used small, light boats to penetrate under the blades of the oars and draw up alongside the Athenian ships; at such close range, Syracusan javelin throwers were able to inflict severe casualties on the Athenian rowing crews; Lazenby, p. 156.
References:
J.S. Morrison, J.F. Coates, and N.B. Rankov, The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship, 2nd. edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000
J.F. Lazenby, The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study, London: Routledge, 2004
Associated internet addresses:
Web address 1,
Web address 2
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; historiography; history; imagery; military affairs; trade and manufacture; zoology
Translated by: Ronald Allen on 23 November 2012@23:38:26.
Vetted by:
David Whitehead (tweaking) on 25 November 2012@04:19:12.
David Whitehead on 7 January 2014@04:49:08.
David Whitehead (typo; other cosmetics) on 18 February 2015@02:46:59.
Catharine Roth (coding) on 18 February 2015@20:01:46.
Catharine Roth (cosmeticule) on 18 March 2015@22:44:52.

Headword: *tarroi/
Adler number: tau,139
Translated headword: crates, flat baskets, pallets, wickerwork frames
Vetting Status: high
Translation:
In Attic [sc. dialect these are] things plaited out of rushes.[1] At any rate they call the farmers' baskets talaroi.[2] But Aristophanes called [it] a fowl-perch, as follows: "then you look down upon the gods from a basket?"[3] [The one] upon which Socrates was hanging suspended. Or a wickerwork frame, raised somewhat above the ground, upon which hens roost. In some way such as this one must suppose a fowl-perch to have been contrived.[4]
Greek Original:
*tarroi/: *)attikw=s ta\ e)k sxoi/nwn ple/gmata. tou\s gou=n kala/mous tou\s gewrgikou\s tala/rous kalou=si. th\n de\ krema/qran *)aristofa/nhs ou(/tws e)ka/lesen. e)/peit' a)po\ tarrou= tou\s qeou\s u(perfronei=s; e)f' h(=s o( *swkra/ths e)kre/mato. h)\ tarro/s, mete/wro/n ti i)kri/on, e)f' ou(= ai( a)lektori/des koimw=ntai. toiau/thn dh/ tina u(polhpte/on th\n krema/qran e)skeua/sqai.
Notes:
The Attic headword, already at tau 138, is the nominative plural of the masculine noun tarro/s; see generally LSJ s.v. tarso/s. The entry is generated from an instance of the headword's genitive singular form (tarrou=) in the subsequent quotation: see further below.
[1] This gloss, and indeed the rest of the entry, follows the scholia to the quotation given. [In her critical apparatus Adler reports that ms F reads sxoini/wn.]
[2] cf. tau 38, tau 39.
[3] Aristophanes, Clouds 226 (web address 1): Strepsiades sarcastically asks why Socrates is suspended in mid-air.
[4] This is the generally accepted ancient interpretation; see Dover pp. 126-7. [Adler reports that ms G transmits u(f': under which Socrates was hanging suspended; that mss FV read e)kkremw=ntai (from which hens hang), whereas written above in ms V is koimw=ntai, which the Suda transmits; and that ms F reads th\n toiau/thn.]
Reference:
K.J. Dover, ed., Aristophanes Clouds, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: agriculture; botany; comedy; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; imagery; religion; stagecraft; trade and manufacture; zoology
Translated by: Ronald Allen on 28 November 2012@00:06:46.
Vetted by:
Catharine Roth (tweaks and cosmetics) on 28 November 2012@01:15:11.
David Whitehead (x-refs; another keyword; tweaking) on 28 November 2012@03:08:49.
Catharine Roth (restorative tweak) on 28 November 2012@23:55:44.
David Whitehead on 7 January 2014@04:50:29.

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