The headword phrase, in the accusative case, is extracted from either delta 523 or pi 3200
For the lyric poet Diagoras of Melos (active late C5 BCE) see those two entries; also delta 524, and generally OCD(4) s.v. (p.444).

C5 BCE. See also delta 524, and generally OCD(4) s.v. (p.444).
[1] delta 448.
[2] Pindar pi 1617, Bacchylides beta 59, Melanippides mu 455.
[3] 468-465.
[4] For this work cf. alpha 3493, pi 3200. On the (controversial) view that it has survived -- on the so-called Derveni Papyrus -- see Richard Janko, 'The Derveni Papyrus (Diagoras of Melos, Apopyrgizontes Logoi?)', Classical Philology 96 (2001) 1-32.

For Diagoras see already delta 523. The present entry stems from Aristophanes, Birds 1072-1075 (web address 1; reading ti/s tina in 1074), with comments from the scholia there.
[1] By Athenian forces, in 416/15 BCE. For Melos see generally mu 935.
[2] sc. of Eleusis. See generally mu 1485.
[3] The scholiast does his best here, but misses the central point that the allusion is to the Peisistratid tyrants of the previous century (pi 1474).

The headword is aorist indicative active, third person plural, of e)pikhru/ssw (cf. epsilon 2360). It might be extracted from the first quotation given here, though there are extant alternatives in (e.g.) Herodotus and Polybius.
[1] Quotation unidentifiable (Adler suggests Aelian), via the Excerpta of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Such proclamations of reward using forms of the headword are not uncommon. Adler cites the case of Diagoras at delta 524 (and Ammonius 184), but there is also Plutarch, Themistocles 29, as well as Lysias 6.18 (a closer parallel than any of the others).
[2] Quotation (already at alpha 2729) unidentifiable. Adler also cites the Ambrosian Lexicon (2316, 2318). This quotation uses a form of a verb, khrukeu/omai, that is different from, though related to, the headword. This verb is also glossed in the next entry, epsilon 2038, and it is possible that this quotation was meant for that entry.

[1] Likewise in Hesychius and other lexica. From the scholia to Homer, Iliad 8.164, where the headword imperative occurs; cf. epsilon 2939.
[2] Greek Anthology 7.433.5-6 (reading ou)d' e)/tekon): a Spartan mother kills her son. Further excerpts from this epigram are at beta 572 and theta 330.
[3] Aelian fr. 36 Domingo-Forasté (33 Hercher), with an unparalleled instance of e)/rrw in the middle voice: referring to philosophers considered atheistic (cf. upsilon 386, alpha 1398, epsilon 1581). (Other suggestions for the missing noun are 'mob' and 'chorus'.) See Xenophanes at xi 46, Diagoras at delta 523 & delta 524, Epicurus at epsilon 2404, epsilon 2405, epsilon 2406.

[1] cf. iota 11, iota 16.
[2] Aristophanes, Frogs 320 (web address 1); the entry is derived from a scholion on this verse.
[3] Diagoras of Melos: delta 523, delta 524; and cf. tau 343.
[4] Hermippus fr. 42 Kock = 43 K.-A. On Hermippus the comic poet, see epsilon 3044.

Aristophanes, Birds 1077-1083 (web address 1), with comment from the fuller scholia to the first line there.
This Philokrates has already been mentioned in line 14 of the play, where he is called a 'board-seller': see pi 1614. Here in the spoof decree he is given a spoof ethnikon, along the lines of 'Diagoras the Melian' just mentioned (1073). In fact Ph. was an Athenian, on orthodox assumptions.

For the primary headword, here in the nominative plural, see LSJ s.v. purgi/skos, 2.
[1] Adler classifies this phrase as part of the headword. Both terms are linked by Artemidorus 1.74 as symbols of similar meaning that one might see in dreams; cf. under theta 362.
[2] Only (as a participle) in what follows: see next note.
[3] This cryptic title might be interpreted in a number of ways: Discourses that.. (a) remove towers (sc. the defences of the speaker's enemies), (b) reflect the towered-off (sc. secluded, ostracized) status of the speaker, (c) fight from the towers (sc. warding off attacks from the speaker's enemies), etc.
[4] cf. delta 523, which presents a longer excerpt from the same source (ascribed to Hesychius of Miletus 191), and clarifies the context somewhat. See also alpha 3493.

For Socrates see already sigma 829.
Adler (Prolegomena p. xviii) reports that the compiler of the Suda had available a manuscript containing the comedies of Aristophanes and annotations very like the Laurentian scholia. The present entry quotes Aristophanes, Clouds 830-1 and the scholia thereto, except that it sometimes truncates the latter to the point of unintelligibility.
[1] For Chaerephon see chi 158, chi 159, chi 160. In Clouds 143-152 a pupil at the Think Shop had reported to Strepsiades that Chaerephon and Socrates had calculated how many flea-feet a flea could jump. Our encyclopedist quotes neither Aristophanes nor the scholia quite correctly. The pupil had said that the philosophers had figured out 'how many of its own feet a flea could jump' (line 145), and so says the scholiast.
[2] Or 'things that may not be spoken publicly'. The expression would suggest that the calculations were the inner lore of a mystery religion, which is in fact exactly what the pupil had called them in line 143, musth/ria.
[3] For Diagoras see alpha 3493, delta 523, delta 524, tau 543. Also see Dover (below), commentary to line 830, where he accepts the interpretation that an allusion to Diagoras is intended and suggesting Socrates is an atheist. We learn from the feathered chorus in Birds 1073-74 that whoever killed Diagoras would receive a talent's reward, at least in Cloudcuckooland.
[4] The scholiast over-ingeniously connects the adjective 'Melian' with mh=lon, a sheep.
[5] 'Dense and dry', as the sort of ground sheep would graze on.
[6] In the ancient world, where few had access to banking services, someone leaving home would deposit money or other valuables with a trusted person. Violation of such a trust became a prominent topic of rhetoric and moralizing (as well, sometimes, as court-cases).
[7] The Melian affair, a notorious massacre and slave haul, 416 BCE. See Thucydides 5.17. Though it was one year too late for this comedy, even in its second version (Dover, Introduction, p. lxxx), it would have been known to the scholiast and presumed to be connected with Diagoras' misfortunes. See lambda 557.
[8] Otherwise unknown (but for another Melian dithyrambic poet see mu 455; confusion?).

Actually an improper name - meaning Quibbler - coined as a comic patronymic for Diagoras of Melos, the (so-called) atheist; see delta 523, delta 524.